Skip to content

Bildung von Adjektiven (Forming Adjectives: -lich, -ig, -bar)

Many German adjectives are made from nouns, verbs or other adjectives with a suffix, much like English friend → friendly or wash → washable. Knowing the suffixes makes it easier to understand new words. Adjectives formed this way take the normal adjective endings: eine freundliche Frau.

From nouns

SuffixNounAdjectiveExample
-lichder Berufberuflichein beruflicher Termin (a work appointment)
-igdie Sonnesonnigein sonniger Tag (a sunny day)
-ischdie Politikpolitischeine politische Frage (a political question)
-haftder Traumtraumhaftein traumhafter Abend (a wonderful evening)
-samdie Mühemühsameine mühsame Arbeit (laborious work)
-losdie Arbeitarbeitslosein arbeitsloser Mann (an unemployed man)
-vollder Humorhumorvolleine humorvolle Rede (a humorous speech)
-freider Zuckerzuckerfreizuckerfreie Bonbons (sugar-free sweets)
-erndas Holzhölzerneine hölzerne Brücke (a wooden bridge)

-los means without (like English -less), -voll means full of (like -ful) and -frei means free of. Some nouns add a linking -s- first: Arbeit → arbeitslos. The prefix un- makes an adjective negative, as in English: freundlich → unfreundlich, möglich → unmöglich.

From verbs

For -bar and -sam, the -en of the infinitive is dropped and the suffix is added to the stem. -bar works like English -able: lesbar means can be read, waschbar means can be washed. The present participle adds -d to the infinitive (schlafen → schlafend, like English -ing), and the past participle (gekocht, geschrieben) can also be used as an adjective.

FormVerbAdjectiveExample
-barlesenlesbareine lesbare Schrift (legible handwriting)
-barwaschenwaschbareine waschbare Jacke (a washable jacket)
-samsparensparsamein sparsamer Mensch (a thrifty person)
Present participle (Partizip I)schlafenschlafendein schlafendes Kind (a sleeping child)
Past participle (Partizip II)kochengekochtein gekochtes Ei (a boiled egg)

Longer participle phrases are explained under participle phrases.

From adjectives

With colour words, -lich means -ish: schwarz → schwärzlich (blackish), rot → rötlich (reddish). Sometimes the suffix changes the meaning: klein means small, but kleinlich means petty.

Die Jeans ist nicht schwarz, sie ist schwärzlich.The jeans aren't black, they're blackish.

Sei nicht so kleinlich! Es sind doch nur zwei Euro.Don't be so petty! It's only two euros.

False friends

Common mistake

Das war eine sehr sensible Entscheidung. is wrong; correct: Das war eine sehr vernünftige Entscheidung.

sensibel is a false friend: it means sensitive. English sensible is vernünftig. In the same way, aktuell means current, not actual (tatsächlich).

Check yourself

Written by: , German teacher · Last updated:

Source: minaaraf.com/en/grammar/adjektivbildung/ · Written by: Fatih Ün, minaaraf.com · Terms of use: minaaraf.com/en/terms/